Due to lack of sufficient ground cover to carry out their assignment, One Zero and Three Zero abandoned their operations, while Two Zero remained, and was later compromised, with only Sergeant Chris Ryan escaping to Syria. The government says that number is high, but not by much. Many returning coalition soldiers reported illnesses following their action in the war, a phenomenon known as Gulf War syndrome or Gulf War illness. Army Sgt. "[193] The chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, Les Aspin, estimated that "at least 65,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed". "[52] The US sent aerial refuelling planes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats. Army Spc. [117][118] One of these losses is a confirmed air-air victory. They encountered trenches, barbed wire, and minefields. [136] For a few hours, bypassed Iraqi RPG-equipped anti-tank teams, T-55 tanks, and dismounted Iraqi infantry fired at passing American vehicles, only to be destroyed by other US tanks and fighting vehicles following the initial forces. [citation needed] The allied forces used extensive artillery fire. Baldwin Satchell, Cortland, Ala. Army Spc. [207] There has been widespread speculation and disagreement about the causes of the illness and the possibly related birth defects. August 1990. Navy Aviation Electrician’s Mate 3rd Class Michael L. Belliveau, 24, Colo. Navy Seaman Apprentice Christopher B. [139] On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 4–3 FA. Marine Lance Cpl. Navy Mess Management Spc. Nels A. Moller, 23, Paul, Idaho. BibTeX (win & mac)Download; EndNote (tagged)Download; EndNote 8 (xml)Download; RefWorks Tagged (win & mac)Download; RIS (win only)Download; MedlarsDownload; Help. [249] About 30–40% of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets. The government broadcast alerts and 'all clear' messages over television to warn citizens during Scud attacks. Jeffrey A. Rollins, 23, Bountiful, Utah. [81], On 12 August 1990, Saddam "propose[d] that all cases of occupation, and those cases that have been portrayed as occupation, in the region, be resolved simultaneously". Initial draining of the Central Marshes was intended to reclaim land for agriculture but later all three marshes would become a tool of war and revenge. Scotty L. Whittenburg, 22, Carlisle, Ark. The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War by Bourque pp.163, Desert Storm/Shield Valorous Unit Award Citations, Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the US Marines by Chenoweth p.408, Screaming Eagles 101st Airborne Division by Russ & Susan Bryant P.85, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMakiyaNew_York_Review_of_Books1991 (, 23 June 1991, Washington Post, Bart Gellman, "The View From France: America's Unyielding Policy toward Iraq,". Kelly L. Matthews, 28, Buckley, Mich. Army Lt. Col. Carlos A. Viquez, 47, Bronx, N.Y. Army Spc. [83] Following the first attacks, Israeli Air Force jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq. [147] The group's commander stated his unit lost 83 of its 100 guns to the artillery preparation. Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed. [45] At the same time, Saddam looked for closer ties with those Arab states that had supported Iraq in the war. There was some criticism of the Bush administration, as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government. [61] According to Michael Knights, a high estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding one million men and 850,000 reservists, 5,500 tanks, 3,000 artillery pieces, 700 combat aircraft and helicopters; it held 53 divisions, 20 special-forces brigades, and several regional militias, and had a strong air defense. Melvin D. McDougle, 35, Fayetteville, N.C. Navy Aviation Electrician Airman Kevin J. [39] Most of its debt was owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. [citation needed], On 15 March 1991, the US-led coalition restored to power Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah, the unelected authoritarian ruler of Kuwait. Army Sgt. The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion, 35th Armoured Brigade, deployed them against the Iraqi attack and conducted a robust defense at the Battle of the Bridges near Al Jahra, west of Kuwait City. Fireman’s Apprentice Daniel C. McKinsey, 21, Hanover, Pa. Navy Boiler Tech. Coalition planners hoped that Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVUA_Citation (, Jayhawk! [155] In the process of clearing the bunkers, Task Force 1-41 captured two brigade command posts and the command post of the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division. Meanwhile, US forces attacked the village of Al Busayyah, meeting fierce resistance. Dodge R. Powell, 28, Hollywood, Fla. Army Sgt. Mr. Waldegrave Share this specific contribution. British Army regiments (mainly with the 1st Armoured Division), Royal Air Force, Naval Air Squadrons and Royal Navy vessels were mobilized in the Persian Gulf. The increased importance of air attacks from both warplanes and cruise missiles led to much controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during the initial stages of the war. And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties. [citation needed], The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time. Unlike many previous engagements, the destruction of the first Iraqi tanks did not result in a mass surrender. Civilian Casualties in Bombing of Bus Station in Hilla Civilian Casualties and Damage in Samawa from Cluster Bombs Cities and Towns in Western and Northern Iraq Bomb Hits House … The success of "Operación Alfil" (English: "Operation Bishop") as it was known, with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km) sailed in the theatre of operations helped to overcome the so-called "Malvinas syndrome". Air Force Capt. A British Challenger 1 achieved the longest range confirmed tank kill of the war, destroying an Iraqi tank with an armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS) round fired over 4,700 metres (2.9 mi)—the longest tank-on-tank kill shot recorded.[178][179]. A United Nations report in March 1991 described the effect on Iraq of the US-led bombing campaign as "near apocalyptic," bringing back Iraq to the "pre-industrial age. This prompted a reexamination by Amnesty International, which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony. Thirty … Tatiana Dees, 34, Tehran, Iran. Fredrick A. Reid, 33, Harrisburg, Pa. Navy Boiler Tech. The Canadian Commander in the Middle East was Commodore Kenneth J. Summers. Attacked With Bulldozers During War Ground Attack", "The gulf war: appendix: Iraqi death toll", Yemen's president flees for medical treatment as search for new leader begins, "Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance? Douglas L. Bradt, 29, Houston. The US government refused to release its own study of the effects of the Iraqi public health crisis. The members of this group agreed to disperse $14 billion in development assistance. Jeffrey D. Reel, 21, Vincennes, Ind. [221] Every American in the assault was inside an armored vehicle. Steven Douglas Clark, 22, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Since Saudi Arabia houses Mecca and Medina, Islam's holiest sites, many Muslims were upset at the permanent military presence. Saddam's government gave high civilian casualty to draw support from Islamic countries. New Burn, N.C. Army Sgt. After the war, Saddam felt he should not have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran. James Heyden, 24, Tuscumbia, Ala. Army 1st Lt. Joseph D. Maks, 38, Roseburg, Ore. Army Sgt. NBC's Tom Aspell, ABC's Bill Blakemore, and CBS News' Betsy Aaron filed reports, subject to acknowledged Iraqi censorship. On 27 February, Saddam ordered a retreat from Kuwait, and President Bush declared it liberated. On 15 July 1990, Saddam's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League, including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year, that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field, that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its "Arab brothers". 1945. [151] One artillery mission struck a series of Iraqi bunkers, reinforced by Iraqi T-55 tanks, in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division. In all, 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi fire during the war, 113 of whom were American, out of 358 coalition deaths. 57 aircraft lost Marine Maj. Eugene McCarthy, Brooklyn, N.Y. Marine Pvt. David Q. Douthit, 24, Tacoma, Wash. Navy Lt. Robert J. Dwyer, 32, Worthington, Ohio. David T. Snyder, 21, Kenmore, N.Y. Marine Capt. "Without electricity, hospitals cannot function, perishable medicines spoil, water cannot be purified and raw sewage cannot be processed," the Harvard report said. Army Pvt. [198], The number of coalition wounded in combat was 776, including 458 Americans.[205]. The only CF-18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the Battle of Bubiyan against the Iraqi Navy.[175]. Air Force Maj. Richard W. Chase, San Antonio. Gary E. Streeter, 39, Manhattan, Kan. Army Sgt. According to John Childs and André Corvisier, a low estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding 4,500 tanks, 484 combat aircraft and 232 combat helicopters. Iraq War, also called Second Persian Gulf War, (2003–11), conflict in Iraq that consisted of two phases. Sgt. In August 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed the Canadian Forces to deploy a Naval Task Group. Kuwait was free. Army Spc. Hansard record of the item 'Gulf War Casualties' on Tuesday 5 February 1991. From 1991 until 2003, the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation, widespread poverty and malnutrition. Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent producers in the US and abroad, and produced a 10-hour series that was distributed internationally, called The Gulf Crisis TV Project. [225] After the Gulf War, the Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991. Marine 1st Lt. Michael N. Monroe, 27, Auburn, Wash. Army Spc. Clarence A. On 22 January 1991, a Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Source: Reuters. Israel prepared to militarily retaliate, as its policy for the previous 40 years had always been retaliation. Michael D. Cooke, 22, Willow Grove, Pa. Marine Pfc. PDF | On Feb 16, 1991, N S G Mercer published Gulf war casualties | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Army Sgt. Phillip D. Mobley, 26, Blue Springs, Mo. The operations were designed to prevent any possible Israeli intervention. Army Pfc. Luis Delgado, 30, Laredo, Texas. Timothy W. Romel, 22, Alameda, Calif. Army Staff Sgt. Cindy D.J. [142] Later that evening the Task Force received enemy artillery fire but suffered no casualties. Anthony Madison, 27, Monessen, Pa. Army Spc. On 29 November 1990, the Security Council passed Resolution 678, which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait, and empowered states to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline. Army Spc. However, with the exception of the Scud that hit a barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, and killed 28 U.S. soldiers, the number of casualties caused by these Scuds was much lower than was generally anticipated. The Canadian Task Group led the coalition's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf. For 42 consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to one of the most intensive air bombardments in military history. [101] US Army General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. was designated to be the commander of the coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area. Army Spc. The Iraqi attack had two prongs, with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway, and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west, but then turning and driving east, cutting off Kuwait City from the country's southern half. Dale L. Paulson, 36, Sacramento, Calif. Army Sgt. The complaints were hard to dismiss — after all, these soldiers had been in a combat-ready condition when they were shipped east to drive Iraq’s army from Kuwait. James Wilcher, 25, Crystal Springs, Miss. [99], A coalition of forces opposing Iraq's aggression was formed, consisting of forces from 39 countries: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990, US President George Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks: "Within three days, 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia. France also deployed several combat aircraft and naval units. But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day, then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister, then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the UAE and Kuwait is, in the final analysis, parallel to military aggression against Iraq, then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned. Ronald D. Rennison, 21, Dubuque, Iowa. [citation needed], The draining of the Qurna Marshes also called The Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes occurred in Iraq and to a smaller degree in Iran between the 1950s and 1990s to clear large areas of the marshes in the Tigris-Euphrates river system. Roy T. Damian Jr., 21, Toto, Guam. We'd be running the country. Air Force Staff Sgt. The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the US Congress in April 1992 to be $61.1 billion[253] (equivalent to $102 billion in 2019). Of the 219 (212 men and 7 women) US casualties, 154 were killed in battle and 65 died from nonbattle causes. Michael C. Dailey, Jr, 19, Klamath Falls, Ore. Army Spc. Yasser Arafat didn't apologize for his support of Iraq, but after his death, the Fatah under Mahmoud Abbas' authority formally apologized in 2004.[168]. "[79][80], The US administration had at first been indecisive with an "undertone ... of resignation to the invasion and even adaptation to it as a fait accompli" until the UK's prime minister Margaret Thatcher played a powerful role, reminding the President that appeasement in the 1930s had led to war, that Saddam would have the whole Gulf at his mercy along with 65 percent of the world's oil supply, and famously urging President Bush "not to go wobbly". It was a feint attack, designed to make the Iraqis think that a coalition invasion would take place from the south. [156] The Task Force also captured a brigade commander, several battalion commanders, company commanders, and staff officers. Researchers found that infants born to male veterans of the 1991 war had higher rates of two types of heart valve defects. Ernest Rivers, 26, Anderson, S.C. Army Chief Warrant Officer Carol McKinney, Leslie, Mo. Moments later, Brokaw announced to his viewers that the air attack had begun. However, when no US support came, Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising. Germany and Japan provided financial assistance and donated military hardware, although they did not send direct military assistance. The rest of the formation was destroyed or driven away by artillery fire from 4–3 FA. Army Spc. David W. Kramer, 20, Palm Desert, Calif. Army Sgt. During the Gulf War, more than 200,000 Palestinians fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces,[225] in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait. The US Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf, where they were ready by 8 August. It was decided to send British armored forces into Kuwait 15 hours ahead of schedule, and to send US forces after the Republican Guard. The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens. Thomas R. Tormanen, 22, Milford, Mich. Marine Cpl. [247] It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore (Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt). For months, American units in Saudi Arabia had been under almost constant Iraqi artillery fire, as well as threats from Scud missiles and chemical attacks. (The full declassified presentation can be seen here:[71]) The conclusions were threefold: first, oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the International Energy Agency and, if necessary, released early if the oil market was disrupted; second, the United States needed to beef up the security of friendly Arab states in the region; and third, an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq. Scott J. Lindsey, 27, Diamond Springs, Calif. Marine Lance Cpl. Within Desert Storm's first 24 hours, more than 1,000 sorties were flown, many against targets in Baghdad. Principal Wars, 1775 - 1991; World War I. Two of these losses are the result of aircraft colliding with the ground while evading Iraqi ground-fired weapons. This was the first time since the Korean War that Canada's military had participated in offensive combat operations. Jeffrey T. Middleton, 26, Oxford, Kan. Army Spc. By the time the ceasefire with Iran was signed in August 1988, Iraq was heavily debt-ridden and tensions within society were rising. These resolve into several categories: ground troops killed in the air war, other military personnel killed at fixed military installations, personnel killed in the air or at sea, and personnel killed during the ground war and after the cease-fire. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home. When the telephones of all the other Western TV correspondents went dead during the bombing, CNN was the only service able to provide live reporting. Cheryl L. O’Brien, 24, Long Beach, Calif. Air Force Staff Sgt. The sorties were launched mostly from Saudi Arabia and the six carrier battle groups (CVBG) in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea. As a result, Israel's government issued gas masks to its citizens. John Campisi, Covina, Calif. Navy Electrician’s Mate 3rd Class, Daniel M. Jones, Wakefield, Mass. and RFA ships were also deployed. Walls, 20, Hawthorne, Pa. Marine Lance Cpl. The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War[33][34][35][a] before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the U.S. as "Operation Iraqi Freedom").[36]. Army Sgt. Two examples of this are the US Navy's Grumman E-2 Hawkeye and the US Air Force's Boeing E-3 Sentry. Casualties of the Iraq War: Afghanistan (Operation Herrick) 2001 2014 456 101 546 British Forces casualties in Afghanistan since 2001: Sierra Leone Civil War: 2000 2000 1 1? Army Sgt. The coalition advance was preceded by a heavy artillery and rocket barrage, after which 150,000 troops and 1,500 tanks began their advance. James D. Tatum, 22, Athens, Tenn. Army 1st Lt. Donaldson P. Tillar III, 25, Miller School, Va. Navy Lt. Charles J. Turner, 29, Richfield, Minn. Marine Capt. The US was concerned with Iraq's position on Israeli–Palestinian politics. Manuel B. Sapien Jr., 22, Denver, Colo. Army Spc. David L. Heyman, 28, Hazelwood, Mo. In reality, the Iraqi Army did commit various well-documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait, such as the summary execution without trial of three brothers, after which their bodies were stacked and left to decay in a public street. [221] Patrick Day Sloyan of Newsday reported, "Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Vulcan armored carriers straddled the trench lines and fired into the Iraqi soldiers as the tanks covered them with mounds of sand. Scud is a tactical ballistic missile that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed Soviet Army divisions in East Germany. Australian forces experienced a number of incidents in the first number of weeks of the Desert Storm Campaign including the detection of significant air threats from Iraq as a part of the outer perimeter of Battle Force Zulu; the detection of free sea floating mines and assistance to the aircraft carrier USS Midway. [153] Once into Iraqi territory Task Force 1-41 Infantry encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers. Fireman Recruit Tyrone M. Brooks, 19, Detroit. [243][244][245], The draining of the Qurna Marshes was an irrigation project in Iraq during and immediately after the war, to drain a large area of marshes in the Tigris–Euphrates river system. It can only mean prejudice against Iraq. Tony R. Applegate, 28, Portsmouth, Ohio. So the question became "How do we stop the killing. David M. Wieczorek, 21, Gentry, Ark. Nevertheless, some people back home wrongly chose to believe we were cruelly and unusually punishing our already whipped foes. Members of British Special Air Service Bravo Two Zero were captured while providing information about an Iraqi supply line of Scud missiles to coalition forces. The Soviet Union condemned Baghdad's aggression against Kuwait, but did not support the United States and allied intervention in Iraq and tried to avert it. On 26 February, Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait, after they had set 737 of its oil wells on fire. Here is the latest breakdown and list of names: No known totals exist on Iraqis killed in action but the number is believed to be in the tens of thousands. [42] Kuwait's ruling dynasty, the al-Sabah family, had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for Kuwait's foreign affairs to the United Kingdom. Soon after his conquest of Kuwait, Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis. On the 23rd, the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq-Kuwait border, and the US naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert. It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq, they would intervene in the war on Iraq's side or attack Israel. [53] Discussions in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, mediated on the Arab League's behalf by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, were held on 31 July and led Mubarak to believe that a peaceful course could be established.[54]. In nearly two days of some of the war's most intense fighting, the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured a division commander. Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, ordered the invasion and occupation of Kuwait with the apparent aim of acquiring that nation’s large oil reserves, canceling a large debt Iraq owed Kuwait, and expanding Iraqi power in the region. Casualties War or Conflict Branch of Service Number Serving Total Deaths Battle Deaths Other Deaths Wounds Not Mortala Marines 794,000 14,844 13,095 1,749 Hosp. Coalition air forces were also extensively exercised in "Scud hunts" in the Iraqi desert, trying to locate the camouflaged trucks before they fired their missiles at Israel or Saudi Arabia. Other bombs included cluster bombs, which disperse numerous submunitions,[265] and daisy cutters, 15,000-pound bombs which can disintegrate everything within hundreds of yards.
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